Original
Literary translation
§ 16.1
Inter Troiānōs quī tot annōs urbem suam contrā Graecōs dēfendēbant ,erat Hector ,omnium rēgis fīliōrum fortissimus ,et Priamō patrī cārissimus .
Among the Trojans who had defended their city against the Greeks for so many years was Hector, the bravest of all the king’s sons and dearest to his father Priam.
Note 16.1
Inter + accusative Troianos is the setting; qui is nominative masculine plural referring to Troianos. Tot annos is accusative of duration. Fortissimus takes a partitive genitive omnium ... filiorum, with regis also genitive; Priamo patri is dative with carissimus. Defendebant is imperfect indicative.
§ 16.2
Hic ā cīvibus suīs maximē amābātur et in summō honōre habēbātur .
He was deeply loved by his fellow citizens and held in the highest honor.
Note 16.2
Hic points back to Hector and is nominative singular; a civibus suis is the personal agent with passive amabatur; in summo honore is ablative of position/status. Both amabatur and habebatur are imperfect passive indicatives.
§ 16.3
Vehementer ā Graecīs timēbātur ,ubi ex urbīs portīs ad proelium ruēbat ,aut ignibus īnfēstīs hostium nāvēs vastābat .
The Greeks feared him greatly whenever he rushed from the city gates into battle or ravaged the enemy ships with destructive fire.
Note 16.3
Timebatur is imperfect passive (agent a Graecis); ubi is iterative whenever with the imperfects ruebat/vastabat. Urbis is genitive singular modifying portis after ex + ablative; the macronized F text presents an anomalous long vowel on urbis. Ignibus infestis is ablative of means; hostium is genitive plural.
§ 16.4
Cotīdiē Troiānī ad arma ab Hectore incitābantur ;cotīdiē cīvium animī ad fortia facta firmābantur .
Day after day Hector stirred the Trojans to take up arms, and day after day he strengthened his fellow citizens’ resolve for courageous deeds.
Note 16.4
Cotidie is Reed’s single-t spelling (other transcriptions Cottidie). Troiani and animi are nominative plural subjects of separate imperfect passive verbs. Ab Hectore marks personal agent. Civium is a genitive dependent on animi; ad + accusative describes the purpose.
§ 16.5
Saepe cum Hectore ā proeliō victōrēs revertērunt .
Often they returned victorious from battle alongside Hector.
Note 16.5
Victores is a nominative plural predicate noun of the understood Trojans; cum Hectore and a proelio require ablative. Reverterunt is perfect indicative active, used with a plural subject.
§ 16.6
Andromachē ,Hectoris uxor ,cum virō fīliolōque in rēgiā habitābat .
Andromache, Hector’s wife, lived in the palace with her husband and young son.
Note 16.6
Hectoris is genitive singular dependent on uxor; in regia is ablative of place. Filioloque is ablative singular (filiolo plus enclitic -que), parallel to viro after cum.
§ 16.7
Nūlla ex omnibus Troiānīs mulier magis virum suum amābat ,aut virī amōre dignior erat .
No Trojan woman loved her husband more, or was more worthy of her husband’s love.
Note 16.7
Nulla mulier is the subject with a partitive ex omnibus Troianis (ablative). Magis is comparative adverb. Viri is genitive singular dependent on amore; amore is ablative governed by the comparative adjective dignior.
§ 16.8
Ōlim Hector ,ad proelium ōrnātūs ,ē viā in rēgiam venit .
One day Hector, equipped for battle, came from the street into the palace.
Note 16.8
Ornatus is a perfect passive participle nominative masculine singular agreeing with Hector; ad proelium expresses preparation for battle. E via is ablative separation; in regiam marks movement into the palace. Venit is perfect indicative in the narrative.
§ 16.9
Andromachē vultū laetō virum salūtāvit et ancillam vocāvit ,quae fīliolum in sinū tenēbat .
With a happy expression Andromache greeted her husband and summoned the maid who was holding their little son in her lap.
Note 16.9
Vultu laeto is ablative of manner or attendant circumstance. Quae is nominative feminine singular relative pronoun whose antecedent is ancillam, despite the antecedent being accusative; filiolum is object of tenebat. In sinu is ablative of place.
§ 16.10
Deinde Hector bracchia ad puerum porrēxit .
Then Hector stretched his arms toward the boy.
Note 16.10
Bracchia is neuter accusative plural, the direct object; ad puerum takes accusative and expresses direction. Porrexit is perfect indicative.
§ 16.11
Sed puer ,ubi cristam rubram vīdit ,quae ex patris galea horrēbat ,perterritus est ,nec ad patrem venīre audēbat ,sed multīs lacrimīs in ancillae sinū haerēbat .
But when the boy saw the red crest bristling from his father’s helmet, he was terrified; he dared not go to his father and instead clung to the maid’s lap in floods of tears.
Note 16.11
Cristam rubram is object of vidit; quae is nominative feminine singular referring back to cristam (not to galea), subject of horrebat. Ex patris galea is ablative with patris genitive. Perterritus est is perfect passive; audebat and haerebat are imperfect. Multis lacrimis is ablative of accompanying circumstance or means.
§ 16.12
Tum vērō Hector ,vir maximus ,fīliō rīsit ,et galeam terribilem humī dēposuit ,et bracchia iterum ad fīlium porrēxit .
Then mighty Hector smiled at his son, put his frightening helmet down on the ground, and once more reached out his arms to him.
Note 16.12
Vir maximus is nominative apposition to Hector. Filio is dative after risit (“smiled at his son”), not accusative. Humi is locative (“on the ground”). Galeam terribilem is accusative; bracchia another accusative object.
§ 16.13
Hic nōn iam perterritus est ,sed rīsit ,et patris collō bracchia parvula dedit .
The boy was no longer frightened: he laughed and threw his little arms around his father’s neck.
Note 16.13
Hic is the child, not Hector. Perterritus is a perfect passive participle used as a predicate adjective with est. Patris is genitive singular dependent on collo; collo is dative recipient/goal with dedit (literally “gave his small arms to his father’s neck”). Bracchia parvula is the accusative object.
§ 16.14
Sed Andromachē sollicitō animō virum hīs verbīs culpāvit :“Ō Hector ,”inquit ,“tōtam tuam vītam inter hostēs et proelia agis ;multī sunt hostēs ,quī tē odiō īrāque petunt ,multī quōrum amīcōs ad Īnferōs mīsistī .”
But Andromache reproached her husband anxiously: “Hector,” she said, “you spend your whole life amid enemies and battles. Many enemies pursue you in hatred and anger, many whose friends you have sent to the dead.”
Note 16.14
Sollicito animo is ablative of manner; his verbis is ablative of means; virum is accusative. Hector is vocative. Totam tuam vitam is accusative of duration; qui is nominative plural referring to hostes, but quorum is genitive plural of the relative referring to the preceding many enemies (dependent on amicos). Odio iraque are ablatives of manner/cause. Ad Inferos takes accusative plural; misisti is perfect indicative.
§ 16.15
“Ē Troiānīs multī iam vulnerātī ,multī necātī sunt .”
“Many Trojans have already been wounded, many killed.”
Note 16.15
E Troianis is a partitive phrase with the ablative. Both vulnerati and necati are masculine nominative plural perfect passive participles sharing the auxiliary sunt; multi is a substantive adjective.
§ 16.16
“Nōn semper tū ipse vulnera īnfēsta vītābis .”
“You yourself will not always escape dangerous wounds.”
Note 16.16
Tu ipse is nominative masculine singular emphatic subject; vulnera infesta is neuter accusative plural object; vitabis is second-person singular future indicative.
§ 16.17
“Tū igitur hodiē intrā moenia manē ,et tē tuamque urbem cōnservā .”
“So remain within the walls today, and save yourself and your city.”
Note 16.17
Tu is nominative subject. Intra is a PREPOSITION with accusative moenia, unlike the imperative intra from intro in the Regulus chapter. Mane and conserva are second-person singular imperatives. Te and tuam urbem are the two accusative objects of conserva; -que joins tuam to te.
§ 16.18
“Nōn enim sine tē Troiānī urbem contrā Graecōs dēfendent .”
“For without you the Trojans will not defend their city against the Greeks.”
Note 16.18
Sine te uses the ablative of personal pronoun tu. Troiani is nominative plural; urbem accusative object; contra Graecos uses the accusative. Defendent is future indicative, not the present defendunt found in one adapted modern school reader.
§ 16.19
Cui Hector respondit :“Hī omnēs ,quī nunc Troiam dēfendunt ,ad mē prīncipem spectant .”
And Hector answered her: “All these men who now defend Troy look to me as their leader.”
Note 16.19
Cui is dative singular feminine referring to Andromache after respondit. Hi omnes is nominative masculine plural, subject of spectant; qui is nominative masculine plural relative. Me principem are accusative with ad, principem in apposition to me (“as their leader”).
§ 16.20
“Propter meam virtūtem cūstōdēs in moenibus stant ,mīlitēs ad proelia īnfēsta animō fortī excēdere audent .”
“Because of my courage, sentries stand upon the walls and soldiers dare to march out to perilous battles with brave hearts.”
Note 16.20
Propter takes accusative virtutem with meam. Custodes and milites are nominative plural subjects of stant/audent. Moenibus is ablative of place with in; proelia infesta accusative goal with ad. Animo forti is ablative of manner; excedere present infinitive complements audent.
§ 16.21
“Sī ego proelia detrectābō ,nec fortem mē praebēbō ,nōn iam cīvium amōre erō dignus .”
“If I refuse to fight and fail to show myself brave, I will no longer deserve my fellow citizens’ love.”
Note 16.21
Si detrectabo/praebebo, ero is a future-more-vivid condition: all three verbs are future indicative. Proelia is accusative object of detrectabo; fortem me is predicate accusative adjective with object me after praebebo. Civium is genitive modifying amore, ablative after dignus.
§ 16.22
“Troiānī quoque omnēs timidī erunt et mox ab hoste vincentur .”
“All the Trojans too will become afraid, and soon they will be defeated by the enemy.”
Note 16.22
Troiani omnes is nominative masculine plural; timidi predicate adjective. Erunt is future active; vincentur is future passive, with ab hoste marking the agent.
§ 16.23
“Deinde Troia vastābitur ,et vōs ad terram aliēnam in servitūtem ducēminī .”
“Then Troy will be devastated, and you will be carried away into slavery in a foreign land.”
Note 16.23
Troia is nominative singular subject of future passive vastabitur; vos nominative plural subject of future passive ducemini. Terram alienam after ad is accusative destination; in servitutem accusative result into slavery.
§ 16.24
“Nōn meum est proelia dētrectāre ,sed potius prō patriā cadere .”
“It is not for me to shirk battle, but rather to die for my country.”
Note 16.24
Meum is a neuter nominative singular possessive adjective used substantively in the idiom non meum est (“it is not my duty/way”). Proelia is accusative object of infinitive detrectare; cadere is parallel present infinitive, with pro patria ablative.
§ 16.25
Dīxit ,et ōscula fīliō uxōrīque dedit .
He spoke, and kissed his son and his wife.
Note 16.25
Dixit and dedit are perfect indicatives. Oscula is neuter accusative plural direct object (“kisses”), with datives filio and uxorique marking recipients; -que links the two recipients.
§ 16.26
Parvulum ancillae trādidit ,et armīs ōrnātus in viam excessit .
He handed the little boy over to the maid and, armed for battle, went out into the street.
Note 16.26
Parvulum (understood puerum) is substantivized adjective accusative singular; ancillae dative recipient. Armis is ablative with ornatus, a nominative masculine singular perfect passive participle. In viam accusative expresses direction, not location.
§ 16.27
Andromachē ex īmō pectore gemitum dedit ,et capite dēmissō domum intrāvit ;nam cūrīs sollicitīs vexābātur ,et omnium rērum maximē virī suī mortem timēbat .
Andromache sighed from the depths of her heart and went into the house with head bowed, for she was tormented by anxious cares and feared her husband’s death more than anything else.
Note 16.27
Ex imo pectore is ex + ablative with superlative imus. Capite demisso is an ablative absolute (head lowered); domum is accusative of motion toward home without a preposition. Curis sollicitis is ablative of cause/means with vexabatur (imperfect passive). Omnium rerum genitive with maxime indicates above all things; viri sui genitives depend on mortem, its accusative object.
§ 16.28
Torquātus volō parvulus mātris ē gremiō suae porrigēns tenerās manūs dulce rīdeat ad patrem .
Little Torquatus, I wish, may smile sweetly at his father, reaching out his tender hands from his mother’s lap.
Note 16.28
Catullus 61, 216–219: four Latin verse lines as transmitted in Reed’s OCR, grouped into one reading unit. Torquatus is nominative masculine singular subject of present subjunctive rideat (wish/volitive clause after volo); parvulus modifies Torquatus; matris/suae are feminine genitives with gremio understood as the mother’s lap (suae agrees with matris), e gremio ablative place from which. Porrigens is nominative masculine singular present participle; teneras manus is its object. The canonical Catullus text continues semihiante labello on line 220, which Fabulae Faciles includes but the Reed OCR does not.
