Original
Literary translation
§ 12.1
Inter montēs Graecōs vāllīs iacēbat variīs flōribus laeta et omnium rērum fēcundissima .
Among the Greek mountains lay a valley, lovely with varied flowers and exceptionally fertile in every way.
Note 12.1
Inter takes the accusative montes Graecos; vallis is the feminine singular subject of imperfect iacebat. Variis floribus is an ablative of respect/cause with laeta, and omnium rerum is a genitive of respect/complement with fecundissima.
§ 12.2
Dē montibus aquae frīgidae desiliēbant , et per campōs viridēs fluēbant .
Cold streams leapt down from the mountains and flowed through green fields.
Note 12.2
Aquae frigidae is nominative plural, subject of both imperfect verbs; de + ablative marks origin, per + accusative route.
§ 12.3
Multī gregēs , multa equōrum boumque armenta in agrīs clīvīsque errābant .
Many flocks and many herds of horses and cattle wandered through the fields and hills.
Note 12.3
Greges is masculine nominative plural; armenta is neuter nominative plural. Equorum and boum are genitives of content. The enclitic -que means “and” in boumque and clivisque.
§ 12.4
Vallis montibus viridibus undique cingēbātur ; nūllī viātōrēs eō intrābant , nec hieme , ubi montēs nive candida teguntur , nec vērē , ubi hirundō argūta nīdum sub trabibus aedificat .
The valley was surrounded on all sides by green mountains; no travelers entered it, either in winter, when the mountains are covered with white snow, or in spring, when the shrill swallow builds its nest beneath the beams.
Note 12.4
Cingebatur is imperfect passive; montibus viridibus is ablative of means with an inanimate encircling feature. Nulli viatores is nominative plural. Hieme and vere are ablatives of time; nive candida is ablative of means. Teguntur and aedificat shift into the vivid general present. Sub + ablative indicates location.
§ 12.5
Itaque incolae dē rēbus externīs nihil sciēbant , sed bene beātēque vīvēbant , nec cūrīs sollicitīs vexābantur .
So the inhabitants knew nothing about the outside world, but lived well and happily, undisturbed by anxious cares.
Note 12.5
Nihil is the accusative object of sciebant; de rebus externis takes the ablative. Beateque joins an adverb with enclitic -que. Vexabantur is imperfect passive, and curis sollicitis is ablative of means/cause.
§ 12.6
Ad incolās in vallem ōlim dē caelō dēscendērunt Mūsae .
Long ago the Muses descended from heaven into the valley to its inhabitants.
Note 12.6
Ad incolas and in vallem both take the accusative of motion toward; de caelo is ablative of origin. Musae is the nominative plural subject of perfect descenderunt.
§ 12.7
Novem sunt Mūsae , poētārum carminumque deae .
There are nine Muses, goddesses of poets and of songs.
Note 12.7
Novem is an indeclinable numeral. Poetarum and carminum are genitives depending on deae; -que is attached to carminum.
§ 12.8
Ā Mūsīs omnēs hominum gentēs , sed in prīmīs poētae , cōnservantur et docentur .
All the peoples of mankind, but especially poets, are protected and taught by the Muses.
Note 12.8
A Musis is ablative of personal agent with two present passive verbs. Omnes gentes is feminine nominative plural; hominum is genitive plural. Poetae is masculine nominative plural as a specially emphasized subset.
§ 12.9
Mūsae , simul ac in vallem dēscendērunt , carmina mīra et dīvīna cecinērunt .
As soon as the Muses descended into the valley, they sang wondrous and divine songs.
Note 12.9
Simul ac introduces a temporal clause; descenderunt and cecinerunt are third-person plural perfects. Carmina mira et divina is neuter accusative plural.
§ 12.10
Argūtae sunt Mūsārum vōcēs , nec per tōtum orbem terrārum dulcior est sonitūs quam cantūs Deārum ; nōn tam suāviter avēs in summīs arboribus canunt , ubi vērē āera cantibus mulcent .
The voices of the Muses are clear and ringing, and nowhere in all the world is there a sweeter sound than the goddesses’ song; birds do not sing so sweetly in the treetops when they soothe the air with their songs in spring.
Note 12.10
Argutae agrees with nominative plural voces; Musarum is genitive. Sonitus and cantus are fourth-declension masculine nominative singulars, compared by dulcior ... quam. In summis arboribus means in the treetops. Vere is ablative of time, aera is accusative singular of aer (a Greek-derived Latin noun), and cantibus is ablative of means.
§ 12.11
Mīrō sonitū dēlectātī sunt incolae .
The inhabitants were delighted by the wonderful sound.
Note 12.11
Delectati sunt is perfect passive indicative; delectati is masculine nominative plural with incolae. Miro sonitu is ablative of means/cause.
§ 12.12
Diū Mūsae canēbant ; diū incolae , cēterārum rērum immemorēs , stupēbant ; nec ad cibum nec ad quiētem tempus capiēbant .
For a long time the Muses sang; for a long time the inhabitants stood spellbound, forgetful of everything else; they took no time either for food or for rest.
Note 12.12
Canebant, stupebant and capiebant are imperfects indicating prolonged action. Immemores governs genitive plural ceterarum rerum. Ad takes accusatives cibum and quietem; tempus is the object of capiebant.
§ 12.13
Multōs diēs , multās noctēs Deae canēbant , et manē , ubi Aurōra croceum Tīthōnī lectum relinquit , et sērō , ubi vesper stēllās in caelum redūcit .
For many days and nights the goddesses sang, both in the morning, when Dawn leaves Tithonus’ saffron-colored bed, and in the evening, when the Evening Star brings the stars back into the sky.
Note 12.13
Multos dies and multas noctes are accusatives of duration. Mane and sero function adverbially. Aurora and vesper are personifications. Croceum modifies accusative lectum; Tithoni is possessive genitive. The present relinquit and reducit describe recurring celestial events.
§ 12.14
Ita incolae cēnae prandiīque immemorēs , mīrum sonitum audiēbant .
Thus the inhabitants, forgetting dinner and lunch alike, kept listening to the wondrous sound.
Note 12.14
Immemores governs genitives cenae and prandii (with enclitic -que). Sonitum is accusative object of imperfect audiebant.
§ 12.15
Itaque propter carminum dīvīnōrum amōrem indiēs languēscēbant .
And so, through their love of the divine songs, they grew weaker day by day.
Note 12.15
Propter takes accusative amorem, modified by the genitive carminum divinorum. Indies is a single-word adverb meaning “day by day” in Reed/AcademiaLatin; Fabulae Faciles has equivalent in dies.
§ 12.16
Tandem Mūsae incolās iam tenuissimōs animadvertērunt , et misericordiae plēnae in cicādās viridēs convertērunt .
At last the Muses noticed that the inhabitants had become terribly thin, and, filled with compassion, transformed them into green cicadas.
Note 12.16
Incolas and the predicative superlative tenuissimos are accusative masculine plural. Misericordiae is genitive with plenae (nominative feminine plural agreeing with Musae). In cicadas virides is accusative of resultant state after converterunt; the unexpressed object of converterunt is the inhabitants.
§ 12.17
Cicādae igitur , etiam nunc carminum dīvīnōrum memorēs , tōtum diem cantant .
So the cicadas, still mindful of the divine songs even now, sing all day long.
Note 12.17
Cicadae is nominative plural; memores is nominative feminine plural and governs carminum divinorum in the genitive. Totum diem is accusative of duration; cantant is present indicative.